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cooperative hunting
Cooperative hunting is when meat-eating animals hunt together in groups that contain both division of labor and role specialization. It is a rare behavior that will evolve when two or more individuals successfully capture more prey and suffer fewer costs together than when they are alone.〔Bshary, R., Hohner, A., Ait-el-Djoudi, K., and H. Fricke (2006). Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea. ''PLOS Biology'' 4: 431.〕 80-95% of carnivores are solitary and hunt alone; however, certain species have been found to participate in cooperative hunting, including lions,〔Packer, C., Scheel D., and A.E. Pusey (1990). Why lions form groups: Food is not enough. ''The American Naturalist'' 136: 1-19.〕 wild dogs,〔Creel, S. and N.M. Creel (1995). Communal hunting and pack size in African wild dogs, ''Lycaon pictus''. ''Animal Behavior'' 50: 1325-1339.〕 spotted hyenas,〔MacDonald, D. (1983). The ecology of carnivore social behavior. ''Nature'' 301: 379-384.〕 chimpanzees,〔Boesch, C. (1994). Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. ''Animal Behaviour'' 48: 653-667.〕 and humans.〔Alvard, M.S. (2003). Kinship, lineage, and an evolutionary perspective on cooperative hunting groups in Indonesia. ''Human Nature'' 14: 129-163.〕 In addition to mammals, cooperative hunting behavior has also been documented in birds of prey〔Hector, D.P. (1986). Cooperative hunting and its relationship to foraging success and prey size in an avian predator. ''Ethology'' 73: 247-257.〕 and large marine vertebrates such as fish and moray eels.〔 Cooperative hunting has been linked to the social organization of animal species and the evolution of sociality and thus provides a unique perspective to study group behavior.〔Lührs, M., and M. Dammhahn (2010). An unusual case of cooperative hunting in a solitary carnivore. ''Ethology'' 28: 379-383.〕〔Packer, C. and L. Ruttan (1988). The evolution of cooperative hunting. ''The American Naturalist'' 132: 159-198.〕
== Evolution of cooperative hunting ==
In order to understand how cooperative hunting could evolve, it is important to consider the circumstances in which it would be beneficial.
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